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Developer Notes
===============
<!-- markdown-toc start -->
**Table of Contents**
- [Developer Notes](#developer-notes)
- [Coding Style (General)](#coding-style-general)
- [Coding Style (C++)](#coding-style-c)
- [Coding Style (Python)](#coding-style-python)
- [Coding Style (Doxygen-compatible comments)](#coding-style-doxygen-compatible-comments)
- [Development tips and tricks](#development-tips-and-tricks)
- [Compiling for debugging](#compiling-for-debugging)
- [Compiling for gprof profiling](#compiling-for-gprof-profiling)
- [debug.log](#debuglog)
- [Testnet and Regtest modes](#testnet-and-regtest-modes)
- [DEBUG_LOCKORDER](#debug_lockorder)
- [Valgrind suppressions file](#valgrind-suppressions-file)
- [Compiling for test coverage](#compiling-for-test-coverage)
- [Performance profiling with perf](#performance-profiling-with-perf)
- [Locking/mutex usage notes](#lockingmutex-usage-notes)
- [Threads](#threads)
- [Ignoring IDE/editor files](#ignoring-ideeditor-files)
- [Development guidelines](#development-guidelines)
- [General Agrarian Core](#general-agrarian-core)
- [Wallet](#wallet)
- [General C++](#general-c)
- [C++ data structures](#c-data-structures)
- [Strings and formatting](#strings-and-formatting)
- [Variable names](#variable-names)
- [Threads and synchronization](#threads-and-synchronization)
- [Scripts](#scripts)
- [Shebang](#shebang)
- [Source code organization](#source-code-organization)
- [GUI](#gui)
- [Subtrees](#subtrees)
- [Upgrading LevelDB](#upgrading-leveldb)
- [Scripted diffs](#scripted-diffs)
- [Git and GitHub tips](#git-and-github-tips)
- [Release notes](#release-notes)
- [RPC interface guidelines](#rpc-interface-guidelines)
<!-- markdown-toc end -->
Coding Style (General)
----------------------
Various coding styles have been used during the history of the codebase,
and the result is not very consistent. However, we're now trying to converge to
a single style, which is specified below. When writing patches, favor the new
style over attempting to mimic the surrounding style, except for move-only
commits.
Coding Style (C++)
------------------
- **Indentation and whitespace rules** as specified in
[src/.clang-format](/src/.clang-format). You can use the provided
[clang-format-diff script](/contrib/devtools/README.md#clang-format-diffpy)
tool to clean up patches automatically before submission.
- Braces on new lines for classes, functions, methods.
- Braces on the same line for everything else.
- 4 space indentation (no tabs) for every block except namespaces.
- No indentation for `public`/`protected`/`private` or for `namespace`.
- No extra spaces inside parenthesis; don't do ( this )
- No space after function names; one space after `if`, `for` and `while`.
- If an `if` only has a single-statement `then`-clause, it can appear
on the same line as the `if`, without braces. In every other case,
braces are required, and the `then` and `else` clauses must appear
correctly indented on a new line.
- **Symbol naming conventions**. These are preferred in new code, but are not
required when doing so would need changes to significant pieces of existing
code.
- Constant names are all uppercase, and use `_` to separate words.
- Class names, function names and method names are UpperCamelCase
(PascalCase). Do not prefix class names with `C`.
- Test suite naming convention: The Boost test suite in file
`src/test/foo_tests.cpp` should be named `foo_tests`. Test suite names
must be unique.
- **Miscellaneous**
- `++i` is preferred over `i++`.
- `nullptr` is preferred over `NULL` or `(void*)0`.
- `static_assert` is preferred over `assert` where possible. Generally; compile-time checking is preferred over run-time checking.
- `enum class` is preferred over `enum` where possible. Scoped enumerations avoid two potential pitfalls/problems with traditional C++ enumerations: implicit conversions to int, and name clashes due to enumerators being exported to the surrounding scope.
Block style example:
```c++
int g_count = 0;
namespace foo {
class Class
{
std::string m_name;
public:
bool Function(const std::string& s, int n)
{
// Comment summarising what this section of code does
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
int total_sum = 0;
// When something fails, return early
if (!Something()) return false;
...
if (SomethingElse(i)) {
total_sum += ComputeSomething(g_count);
} else {
DoSomething(m_name, total_sum);
}
}
// Success return is usually at the end
return true;
}
}
} // namespace foo
```
Coding Style (Python)
---------------------
Refer to [/test/functional/README.md#style-guidelines](/test/functional/README.md#style-guidelines).
Coding Style (Doxygen-compatible comments)
------------------------------------------
Agrarian Core uses [Doxygen](http://www.doxygen.nl/) to generate its official documentation.
Use Doxygen-compatible comment blocks for functions, methods, and fields.
For example, to describe a function use:
```c++
/**
* ... text ...
* @param[in] arg1 A description
* @param[in] arg2 Another argument description
* @pre Precondition for function...
*/
bool function(int arg1, const char *arg2)
```
A complete list of `@xxx` commands can be found at http://www.doxygen.nl/manual/commands.html.
As Doxygen recognizes the comments by the delimiters (`/**` and `*/` in this case), you don't
*need* to provide any commands for a comment to be valid; just a description text is fine.
To describe a class use the same construct above the class definition:
```c++
/**
* Alerts are for notifying old versions if they become too obsolete and
* need to upgrade. The message is displayed in the status bar.
* @see GetWarnings()
*/
class CAlert
{
```
To describe a member or variable use:
```c++
int var; //!< Detailed description after the member
```
or
```c++
//! Description before the member
int var;
```
Also OK:
```c++
///
/// ... text ...
///
bool function2(int arg1, const char *arg2)
```
Not OK (used plenty in the current source, but not picked up):
```c++
//
// ... text ...
//
```
A full list of comment syntaxes picked up by Doxygen can be found at http://www.doxygen.nl/manual/docblocks.html,
but the above styles are favored.
Documentation can be generated with `make docs` and cleaned up with `make clean-docs`. The resulting files are located in `doc/doxygen/html`; open `index.html` to view the homepage.
Before running `make docs`, you will need to install dependencies `doxygen` and `dot`. For example, on MacOS via Homebrew:
```
brew install doxygen
```
Development tips and tricks
---------------------------
### Compiling for debugging
Run configure with `--enable-debug` to add additional compiler flags that
produce better debugging builds.
### Compiling for gprof profiling
Run configure with the `--enable-gprof` option, then make.
### debug.log
If the code is behaving strangely, take a look in the debug.log file in the data directory;
error and debugging messages are written there.
The `-debug=...` command-line option controls debugging; running with just `-debug` or `-debug=1` will turn
on all categories (and give you a very large debug.log file).
The Qt code routes `qDebug()` output to debug.log under category "qt": run with `-debug=qt`
to see it.
### Testnet and Regtest modes
Run with the `-testnet` option to run with "play AGRs (tAGR)" on the test network, if you
are testing multi-machine code that needs to operate across the internet.
If you are testing something that can run on one machine, run with the `-regtest` option.
In regression test mode, blocks can be created on-demand; see [test/functional/](/test/functional) for tests
that run in `-regtest` mode.
### DEBUG_LOCKORDER
Agrarian Core is a multi-threaded application, and deadlocks or other
multi-threading bugs can be very difficult to track down. The `--enable-debug`
configure option adds `-DDEBUG_LOCKORDER` to the compiler flags. This inserts
run-time checks to keep track of which locks are held, and adds warnings to the
debug.log file if inconsistencies are detected.
### Valgrind suppressions file
Valgrind is a programming tool for memory debugging, memory leak detection, and
profiling. The repo contains a Valgrind suppressions file
([`valgrind.supp`](https://github.com/agrarian-project/agrarian/blob/master/contrib/valgrind.supp))
which includes known Valgrind warnings in our dependencies that cannot be fixed
in-tree. Example use:
```shell
$ valgrind --suppressions=contrib/valgrind.supp src/test/test_agrarian
$ valgrind --suppressions=contrib/valgrind.supp --leak-check=full \
--show-leak-kinds=all src/test/test_agrarian --log_level=test_suite
$ valgrind -v --leak-check=full src/agrariand -printtoconsole
```
### Compiling for test coverage
LCOV can be used to generate a test coverage report based upon `make check`
execution. LCOV must be installed on your system (e.g. the `lcov` package
on Debian/Ubuntu).
To enable LCOV report generation during test runs:
```shell
./configure --enable-lcov
make
make cov
# A coverage report will now be accessible at `./test_agrarian.coverage/index.html`.
```
Locking/mutex usage notes
-------------------------
The code is multi-threaded, and uses mutexes and the
`LOCK` and `TRY_LOCK` macros to protect data structures.
Deadlocks due to inconsistent lock ordering (thread 1 locks `cs_main` and then
`cs_wallet`, while thread 2 locks them in the opposite order: result, deadlock
as each waits for the other to release its lock) are a problem. Compile with
`-DDEBUG_LOCKORDER` (or use `--enable-debug`) to get lock order inconsistencies
reported in the debug.log file.
Re-architecting the core code so there are better-defined interfaces
between the various components is a goal, with any necessary locking
done by the components (e.g. see the self-contained `CKeyStore` class
and its `cs_KeyStore` lock for example).
Threads
-------
- ThreadScriptCheck : Verifies block scripts.
- ThreadImport : Loads blocks from blk*.dat files or bootstrap.dat.
- StartNode : Starts other threads.
- ThreadDNSAddressSeed : Loads addresses of peers from the DNS.
- ThreadMapPort : Universal plug-and-play startup/shutdown
- ThreadSocketHandler : Sends/Receives data from peers on port 8333.
- ThreadOpenAddedConnections : Opens network connections to added nodes.
- ThreadOpenConnections : Initiates new connections to peers.
- ThreadMessageHandler : Higher-level message handling (sending and receiving).
- DumpAddresses : Dumps IP addresses of nodes to peers.dat.
- ThreadFlushWalletDB : Close the wallet.dat file if it hasn't been used in 500ms.
- ThreadRPCServer : Remote procedure call handler, listens on port 8332 for connections and services them.
- BitcoinMiner : Generates AGRs (if wallet is enabled).
- Shutdown : Does an orderly shutdown of everything.
Ignoring IDE/editor files
--------------------------
In closed-source environments in which everyone uses the same IDE it is common
to add temporary files it produces to the project-wide `.gitignore` file.
However, in open source software such as Agrarian Core, where everyone uses
their own editors/IDE/tools, it is less common. Only you know what files your
editor produces and this may change from version to version. The canonical way
to do this is thus to create your local gitignore. Add this to `~/.gitconfig`:
```
[core]
excludesfile = /home/.../.gitignore_global
```
(alternatively, type the command `git config --global core.excludesfile ~/.gitignore_global`
on a terminal)
Then put your favourite tool's temporary filenames in that file, e.g.
```
# NetBeans
nbproject/
```
Another option is to create a per-repository excludes file `.git/info/exclude`.
These are not committed but apply only to one repository.
If a set of tools is used by the build system or scripts the repository (for
example, lcov) it is perfectly acceptable to add its files to `.gitignore`
and commit them.
Development guidelines
============================
A few non-style-related recommendations for developers, as well as points to
pay attention to for reviewers of Agrarian Core code.
General Agrarian Core
----------------------
- New features should be exposed on RPC first, then can be made available in the GUI
- *Rationale*: RPC allows for better automatic testing. The test suite for
the GUI is very limited
- Make sure pull requests pass Travis CI before merging
- *Rationale*: Makes sure that they pass thorough testing, and that the tester will keep passing
on the master branch. Otherwise all new pull requests will start failing the tests, resulting in
confusion and mayhem
- *Explanation*: If the test suite is to be updated for a change, this has to
be done first
Wallet
-------
- Make sure that no crashes happen with run-time option `-disablewallet`.
- *Rationale*: In RPC code that conditionally uses the wallet (such as
`validateaddress`) it is easy to forget that global pointer `pwalletMain`
can be nullptr. See `test/functional/disablewallet.py` for functional tests
exercising the API with `-disablewallet`
- Include `db_cxx.h` (BerkeleyDB header) only when `ENABLE_WALLET` is set
- *Rationale*: Otherwise compilation of the disable-wallet build will fail in environments without BerkeleyDB
General C++
-------------
For general C++ guidelines, you may refer to the [C++ Core
Guidelines](https://isocpp.github.io/CppCoreGuidelines/).
Common misconceptions are clarified in those sections:
- Passing (non-)fundamental types in the [C++ Core
Guideline](https://isocpp.github.io/CppCoreGuidelines/CppCoreGuidelines#Rf-conventional)
- Assertions should not have side-effects
- *Rationale*: Even though the source code is set to refuse to compile
with assertions disabled, having side-effects in assertions is unexpected and
makes the code harder to understand
- If you use the `.h`, you must link the `.cpp`
- *Rationale*: Include files define the interface for the code in implementation files. Including one but
not linking the other is confusing. Please avoid that. Moving functions from
the `.h` to the `.cpp` should not result in build errors
- Use the RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization) paradigm where possible. For example by using
`unique_ptr` for allocations in a function.
- *Rationale*: This avoids memory and resource leaks, and ensures exception safety
C++ data structures
--------------------
- Never use the `std::map []` syntax when reading from a map, but instead use `.find()`
- *Rationale*: `[]` does an insert (of the default element) if the item doesn't
exist in the map yet. This has resulted in memory leaks in the past, as well as
race conditions (expecting read-read behavior). Using `[]` is fine for *writing* to a map
- Do not compare an iterator from one data structure with an iterator of
another data structure (even if of the same type)
- *Rationale*: Behavior is undefined. In C++ parlor this means "may reformat
the universe", in practice this has resulted in at least one hard-to-debug crash bug
- Watch out for out-of-bounds vector access. `&vch[vch.size()]` is illegal,
including `&vch[0]` for an empty vector. Use `vch.data()` and `vch.data() +
vch.size()` instead.
- Vector bounds checking is only enabled in debug mode. Do not rely on it
- Initialize all non-static class members where they are defined.
If this is skipped for a good reason (i.e., optimization on the critical
path), add an explicit comment about this
- *Rationale*: Ensure determinism by avoiding accidental use of uninitialized
values. Also, static analyzers balk about this.
Initializing the members in the declaration makes it easy to
spot uninitialized ones.
```cpp
class A
{
uint32_t m_count{0};
}
```
- By default, declare single-argument constructors `explicit`.
- *Rationale*: This is a precaution to avoid unintended conversions that might
arise when single-argument constructors are used as implicit conversion
functions.
- Use explicitly signed or unsigned `char`s, or even better `uint8_t` and
`int8_t`. Do not use bare `char` unless it is to pass to a third-party API.
This type can be signed or unsigned depending on the architecture, which can
lead to interoperability problems or dangerous conditions such as
out-of-bounds array accesses
- Prefer explicit constructions over implicit ones that rely on 'magical' C++ behavior
- *Rationale*: Easier to understand what is happening, thus easier to spot mistakes, even for those
that are not language lawyers
Strings and formatting
------------------------
- Be careful of `LogPrint` versus `LogPrintf`. `LogPrint` takes a `category` argument, `LogPrintf` does not.
- *Rationale*: Confusion of these can result in runtime exceptions due to
formatting mismatch, and it is easy to get wrong because of subtly similar naming
- Use `std::string`, avoid C string manipulation functions
- *Rationale*: C++ string handling is marginally safer, less scope for
buffer overflows and surprises with `\0` characters. Also some C string manipulations
tend to act differently depending on platform, or even the user locale
- Use `ParseInt32`, `ParseInt64`, `ParseUInt32`, `ParseUInt64`, `ParseDouble` from `utilstrencodings.h` for number parsing
- *Rationale*: These functions do overflow checking, and avoid pesky locale issues.
- Avoid using locale dependent functions if possible. You can use the provided
[`lint-locale-dependence.sh`](/test/lint/lint-locale-dependence.sh)
to check for accidental use of locale dependent functions.
- *Rationale*: Unnecessary locale dependence can cause bugs that are very tricky to isolate and fix.
- These functions are known to be locale dependent:
`alphasort`, `asctime`, `asprintf`, `atof`, `atoi`, `atol`, `atoll`, `atoq`,
`btowc`, `ctime`, `dprintf`, `fgetwc`, `fgetws`, `fprintf`, `fputwc`,
`fputws`, `fscanf`, `fwprintf`, `getdate`, `getwc`, `getwchar`, `isalnum`,
`isalpha`, `isblank`, `iscntrl`, `isdigit`, `isgraph`, `islower`, `isprint`,
`ispunct`, `isspace`, `isupper`, `iswalnum`, `iswalpha`, `iswblank`,
`iswcntrl`, `iswctype`, `iswdigit`, `iswgraph`, `iswlower`, `iswprint`,
`iswpunct`, `iswspace`, `iswupper`, `iswxdigit`, `isxdigit`, `mblen`,
`mbrlen`, `mbrtowc`, `mbsinit`, `mbsnrtowcs`, `mbsrtowcs`, `mbstowcs`,
`mbtowc`, `mktime`, `putwc`, `putwchar`, `scanf`, `snprintf`, `sprintf`,
`sscanf`, `stoi`, `stol`, `stoll`, `strcasecmp`, `strcasestr`, `strcoll`,
`strfmon`, `strftime`, `strncasecmp`, `strptime`, `strtod`, `strtof`,
`strtoimax`, `strtol`, `strtold`, `strtoll`, `strtoq`, `strtoul`,
`strtoull`, `strtoumax`, `strtouq`, `strxfrm`, `swprintf`, `tolower`,
`toupper`, `towctrans`, `towlower`, `towupper`, `ungetwc`, `vasprintf`,
`vdprintf`, `versionsort`, `vfprintf`, `vfscanf`, `vfwprintf`, `vprintf`,
`vscanf`, `vsnprintf`, `vsprintf`, `vsscanf`, `vswprintf`, `vwprintf`,
`wcrtomb`, `wcscasecmp`, `wcscoll`, `wcsftime`, `wcsncasecmp`, `wcsnrtombs`,
`wcsrtombs`, `wcstod`, `wcstof`, `wcstoimax`, `wcstol`, `wcstold`,
`wcstoll`, `wcstombs`, `wcstoul`, `wcstoull`, `wcstoumax`, `wcswidth`,
`wcsxfrm`, `wctob`, `wctomb`, `wctrans`, `wctype`, `wcwidth`, `wprintf`
- For `strprintf`, `LogPrint`, `LogPrintf` formatting characters don't need size specifiers
- *Rationale*: Agrarian Core uses tinyformat, which is type safe. Leave them out to avoid confusion
Variable names
--------------
Although the shadowing warning (`-Wshadow`) is not enabled by default (it prevents issues rising
from using a different variable with the same name),
please name variables so that their names do not shadow variables defined in the source code.
E.g. in member initializers, prepend `_` to the argument name shadowing the
member name:
```c++
class AddressBookPage
{
Mode m_mode;
}
AddressBookPage::AddressBookPage(Mode _mode)
: m_mode(_mode)
...
```
When using nested cycles, do not name the inner cycle variable the same as in
upper cycle etc.
Threads and synchronization
----------------------------
- Build and run tests with `-DDEBUG_LOCKORDER` to verify that no potential
deadlocks are introduced. This is defined by default when configuring
with `--enable-debug`
- When using `LOCK`/`TRY_LOCK` be aware that the lock exists in the context of
the current scope, so surround the statement and the code that needs the lock
with braces
OK:
```c++
{
TRY_LOCK(cs_vNodes, lockNodes);
...
}
```
Wrong:
```c++
TRY_LOCK(cs_vNodes, lockNodes);
{
...
}
```
Scripts
--------------------------
### Shebang
- Use `#!/usr/bin/env bash` instead of obsolete `#!/bin/bash`.
- [*Rationale*](https://github.com/dylanaraps/pure-bash-bible#shebang):
`#!/bin/bash` assumes it is always installed to /bin/ which can cause issues;
`#!/usr/bin/env bash` searches the user's PATH to find the bash binary.
OK:
```bash
#!/usr/bin/env bash
```
Wrong:
```bash
#!/bin/bash
```
Source code organization
--------------------------
- Implementation code should go into the `.cpp` file and not the `.h`, unless necessary due to template usage or
when performance due to inlining is critical
- *Rationale*: Shorter and simpler header files are easier to read, and reduce compile time
- Use only the lowercase alphanumerics (`a-z0-9`), underscore (`_`) and hyphen (`-`) in source code filenames.
- *Rationale*: `grep`:ing and auto-completing filenames is easier when using a consistent
naming pattern. Potential problems when building on case-insensitive filesystems are
avoided when using only lowercase characters in source code filenames.
- Every `.cpp` and `.h` file should `#include` every header file it directly uses classes, functions or other
definitions from, even if those headers are already included indirectly through other headers.
- *Rationale*: Excluding headers because they are already indirectly included results in compilation
failures when those indirect dependencies change. Furthermore, it obscures what the real code
dependencies are.
- Don't import anything into the global namespace (`using namespace ...`). Use
fully specified types such as `std::string`.
- *Rationale*: Avoids symbol conflicts
- Terminate namespaces with a comment (`// namespace mynamespace`). The comment
should be placed on the same line as the brace closing the namespace, e.g.
```c++
namespace mynamespace {
...
} // namespace mynamespace
namespace {
...
} // namespace
```
- *Rationale*: Avoids confusion about the namespace context
- Use include guards to avoid the problem of double inclusion. The header file
`foo/bar.h` should use the include guard identifier `BITCOIN_FOO_BAR_H`, e.g.
```c++
#ifndef BITCOIN_FOO_BAR_H
#define BITCOIN_FOO_BAR_H
...
#endif // BITCOIN_FOO_BAR_H
```
GUI
-----
- Do not display or manipulate dialogs in model code (classes `*Model`)
- *Rationale*: Model classes pass through events and data from the core, they
should not interact with the user. That's where View classes come in. The converse also
holds: try to not directly access core data structures from Views.
Subtrees
----------
Several parts of the repository are subtrees of software maintained elsewhere.
Some of these are maintained by active developers of Bitcoin Core, in which case changes should probably go
directly upstream without being PRed directly against the project. They will be merged back in the next
subtree merge.
Others are external projects without a tight relationship with our project. Changes to these should also
be sent upstream but bugfixes may also be prudent to PR against Agrarian Core so that they can be integrated
quickly. Cosmetic changes should be purely taken upstream.
There is a tool in `test/lint/git-subtree-check.sh` to check a subtree directory for consistency with
its upstream repository.
Current subtrees include:
- src/leveldb
- Upstream at https://github.com/google/leveldb ; Maintained by Google, but
open important PRs to Core to avoid delay.
- **Note**: Follow the instructions in [Upgrading LevelDB](#upgrading-leveldb) when
merging upstream changes to the LevelDB subtree.
- src/libsecp256k1
- Upstream at https://github.com/bitcoin-core/secp256k1/ ; actively maintained by Core contributors.
- src/univalue
- Upstream at https://github.com/bitcoin-core/univalue ; actively maintained by Core contributors, deviates from upstream https://github.com/jgarzik/univalue
Upgrading LevelDB
---------------------
Extra care must be taken when upgrading LevelDB. This section explains issues
you must be aware of.
### File Descriptor Counts
In most configurations we use the default LevelDB value for `max_open_files`,
which is 1000 at the time of this writing. If LevelDB actually uses this many
file descriptors it will cause problems with Agrarian's `select()` loop, because
it may cause new sockets to be created where the fd value is >= 1024. For this
reason, on 64-bit Unix systems we rely on an internal LevelDB optimization that
uses `mmap()` + `close()` to open table files without actually retaining
references to the table file descriptors. If you are upgrading LevelDB, you must
sanity check the changes to make sure that this assumption remains valid.
In addition to reviewing the upstream changes in `env_posix.cc`, you can use `lsof` to
check this. For example, on Linux this command will show open `.ldb` file counts:
```bash
$ lsof -p $(pidof agrariand) |\
awk 'BEGIN { fd=0; mem=0; } /ldb$/ { if ($4 == "mem") mem++; else fd++ } END { printf "mem = %s, fd = %s\n", mem, fd}'
mem = 119, fd = 0
```
The `mem` value shows how many files are mmap'ed, and the `fd` value shows you
many file descriptors these files are using. You should check that `fd` is a
small number (usually 0 on 64-bit hosts).
See the notes in the `SetMaxOpenFiles()` function in `dbwrapper.cc` for more
details.
### Consensus Compatibility
It is possible for LevelDB changes to inadvertently change consensus
compatibility between nodes. This happened in Bitcoin 0.8 (when LevelDB was
first introduced). When upgrading LevelDB you should review the upstream changes
to check for issues affecting consensus compatibility.
For example, if LevelDB had a bug that accidentally prevented a key from being
returned in an edge case, and that bug was fixed upstream, the bug "fix" would
be an incompatible consensus change. In this situation the correct behavior
would be to revert the upstream fix before applying the updates to Bitcoin's
copy of LevelDB. In general you should be wary of any upstream changes affecting
what data is returned from LevelDB queries.
Scripted diffs
--------------
For reformatting and refactoring commits where the changes can be easily automated using a bash script, we use
scripted-diff commits. The bash script is included in the commit message and our Travis CI job checks that
the result of the script is identical to the commit. This aids reviewers since they can verify that the script
does exactly what it's supposed to do. It is also helpful for rebasing (since the same script can just be re-run
on the new master commit).
To create a scripted-diff:
- start the commit message with `scripted-diff:` (and then a description of the diff on the same line)
- in the commit message include the bash script between lines containing just the following text:
- `-BEGIN VERIFY SCRIPT-`
- `-END VERIFY SCRIPT-`
The scripted-diff is verified by the tool `test/lint/commit-script-check.sh`. The tool's default behavior when supplied
with a commit is to verify all scripted-diffs from the beginning of time up to said commit. Internally, the tool passes
the first supplied argument to `git rev-list --reverse` to determine which commits to verify script-diffs for, ignoring
commits that don't conform to the commit message format described above.
For development, it might be more convenient to verify all scripted-diffs in a range `A..B`, for example:
```bash
test/lint/commit-script-check.sh origin/master..HEAD
```
Commit [`bb81e173`](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/bb81e173) is an example of a scripted-diff.
Git and GitHub tips
-------------
- For resolving merge/rebase conflicts, it can be useful to enable diff3 style using
`git config merge.conflictstyle diff3`. Instead of
<<<
yours
===
theirs
>>>
you will see
<<<
yours
|||
original
===
theirs
>>>
This may make it much clearer what caused the conflict. In this style, you can often just look
at what changed between *original* and *theirs*, and mechanically apply that to *yours* (or the other way around).
- When reviewing patches which change indentation in C++ files, use `git diff -w` and `git show -w`. This makes
the diff algorithm ignore whitespace changes. This feature is also available on github.com, by adding `?w=1`
at the end of any URL which shows a diff.
- When reviewing patches that change symbol names in many places, use `git diff --word-diff`. This will instead
of showing the patch as deleted/added *lines*, show deleted/added *words*.
- When reviewing patches that move code around, try using
`git diff --patience commit~:old/file.cpp commit:new/file/name.cpp`, and ignoring everything except the
moved body of code which should show up as neither `+` or `-` lines. In case it was not a pure move, this may
even work when combined with the `-w` or `--word-diff` options described above.
- When looking at other's pull requests, it may make sense to add the following section to your `.git/config`
file:
[remote "upstream-pull"]
fetch = +refs/pull/*:refs/remotes/upstream-pull/*
url = git@github.com:Agrarian-Project/Agrarian.git
This will add an `upstream-pull` remote to your git repository, which can be fetched using `git fetch --all`
or `git fetch upstream-pull`. Afterwards, you can use `upstream-pull/NUMBER/head` in arguments to `git show`,
`git checkout` and anywhere a commit id would be acceptable to see the changes from pull request NUMBER.
Release notes
-------------
Release notes should be written for any PR that:
- introduces a notable new feature
- fixes a significant bug
- changes an API or configuration model
- makes any other visible change to the end-user experience.
Release notes should be added to a PR-specific release note file at
`/doc/release-notes-<PR number>.md` to avoid conflicts between multiple PRs.
All `release-notes*` files are merged into a single
[/doc/release-notes.md](/doc/release-notes.md) file prior to the release.
RPC interface guidelines
--------------------------
A few guidelines for introducing and reviewing new RPC interfaces:
- Method naming: use consecutive lower-case names such as `getrawtransaction` and `submitblock`
- *Rationale*: Consistency with existing interface.
- Argument naming: use snake case `fee_delta` (and not, e.g. camel case `feeDelta`)
- *Rationale*: Consistency with existing interface.
- Use the JSON parser for parsing, don't manually parse integers or strings from
arguments unless absolutely necessary.
- *Rationale*: Introduces hand-rolled string manipulation code at both the caller and callee sites,
which is error prone, and it is easy to get things such as escaping wrong.
JSON already supports nested data structures, no need to re-invent the wheel.
- *Exception*: AmountFromValue can parse amounts as string. This was introduced because many JSON
parsers and formatters hard-code handling decimal numbers as floating point
values, resulting in potential loss of precision. This is unacceptable for
monetary values. **Always** use `AmountFromValue` and `ValueFromAmount` when
inputting or outputting monetary values. The only exceptions to this are
`prioritisetransaction` and `getblocktemplate` because their interface
is specified as-is in BIP22.
- Missing arguments and 'null' should be treated the same: as default values. If there is no
default value, both cases should fail in the same way. The easiest way to follow this
guideline is detect unspecified arguments with `params[x].isNull()` instead of
`params.size() <= x`. The former returns true if the argument is either null or missing,
while the latter returns true if is missing, and false if it is null.
- *Rationale*: Avoids surprises when switching to name-based arguments. Missing name-based arguments
are passed as 'null'.
- Try not to overload methods on argument type. E.g. don't make `getblock(true)` and `getblock("hash")`
do different things.
- *Rationale*: This is impossible to use with `agrarian-cli`, and can be surprising to users.
- *Exception*: Some RPC calls can take both an `int` and `bool`, most notably when a bool was switched
to a multi-value, or due to other historical reasons. **Always** have false map to 0 and
true to 1 in this case.
- Don't forget to fill in the argument names correctly in the RPC command table.
- *Rationale*: If not, the call can not be used with name-based arguments.
- Set okSafeMode in the RPC command table to a sensible value: safe mode is when the
blockchain is regarded to be in a confused state, and the client deems it unsafe to
do anything irreversible such as send. Anything that just queries should be permitted.
- *Rationale*: Troubleshooting a node in safe mode is difficult if half the
RPCs don't work.
- Add every non-string RPC argument `(method, idx, name)` to the table `vRPCConvertParams` in `rpc/client.cpp`.
- *Rationale*: `agrarian-cli` and the GUI debug console use this table to determine how to
convert a plaintext command line to JSON. If the types don't match, the method can be unusable
from there.
- A RPC method must either be a wallet method or a non-wallet method. Do not
introduce new methods that differ in behavior based on presence of a wallet.
- *Rationale*: as well as complicating the implementation and interfering
with the introduction of multi-wallet, wallet and non-wallet code should be
separated to avoid introducing circular dependencies between code units.
- Try to make the RPC response a JSON object.
- *Rationale*: If a RPC response is not a JSON object then it is harder to avoid API breakage if
new data in the response is needed.
- Be aware of RPC method aliases and generally avoid registering the same
callback function pointer for different RPCs.
- *Rationale*: RPC methods registered with the same function pointer will be
considered aliases and only the first method name will show up in the
`help` rpc command list.
- *Exception*: Using RPC method aliases may be appropriate in cases where a
new RPC is replacing a deprecated RPC, to avoid both RPCs confusingly
showing up in the command list.